Grehan John R
Buffalo Museum of Science, NY 14211, USA.
Anat Rec B New Anat. 2006 Jul;289(4):139-57. doi: 10.1002/ar.b.20107.
The science of human evolution is confronted with the popular chimpanzee theory and the earlier but largely ignored orangutan theory. The quality and scope of published documentation and verification of morphological features suggests there is very little in morphology to support a unique common ancestor for humans and chimpanzees. A close relationship between humans and African apes is currently supported by only eight unproblematic characters. The orangutan relationship is supported by about 28 well-supported characters, and it is also corroborated by the presence of orangutan-related features in early hominids. The uniquely shared morphology of humans and orangutans raises doubts about the almost universal belief that DNA sequence similarities necessarily demonstrate a closer evolutionary relationship between humans and chimpanzees. A new evolutionary reconstruction is proposed for the soft tissue anatomy, physiology, and behavioral biology of the first hominids that includes concealed ovulation, male beard and mustache, prolonged mating, extended pair-bonding, "house" construction, mechanical "genius," and artistic expression.
人类进化科学面临着流行的黑猩猩理论以及更早但很大程度上被忽视的猩猩理论。已发表的关于形态特征的文献记录和验证的质量与范围表明，在形态学上几乎没有什么能支持人类和黑猩猩有独特的共同祖先。目前，人类与非洲猿类的密切关系仅由八个没有问题的特征所支持。猩猩关系由大约28个有充分支持的特征所支持，早期原始人类中存在与猩猩相关的特征也证实了这一点。人类和猩猩独特的共同形态引发了人们对几乎普遍存在的观点的质疑，即DNA序列相似性必然表明人类和黑猩猩之间存在更密切的进化关系。针对最早原始人类的软组织解剖学、生理学和行为生物学提出了一种新的进化重建，其中包括隐蔽排卵、男性胡须和髭、延长交配期、延长配偶关系、“房屋”建造、机械“天赋”和艺术表达。
