Cytoarchitecture of the tectum mesencephali in salamanders: a Golgi and HRP study.

The tectum mesencephali of salamanders shows a morphology that has long been considered primitive when compared with that of frogs. The alternative hypothesis is that the salamander brain is secondarily simplified. In order to test these two hypotheses, the cytoarchitecture of the tectum and the projections of tectal neurons were studied in 11 species of salamanders. Application of the Golgi method reveals three major morphological types. Type 1 has a very wide dendritic arborization mostly confined to the deep fiber layers, and somata are always located within the most superficial part of the periventricular gray matter. Type 2 possesses a wide to medium-size dendritic arborization. In subtype 2a the somata are located in the uppermost part of the gray, and dendrites always reach the uppermost layer of retinal afferents; in subtype 2b the somata are found in deeper parts of the gray, and dendrites arborize in the deeper layers of retinal afferents; and in subtype 2c the somata are also located in deeper parts, but the wide dendritic arborization is confined to deep fiber layers. Type 3 shows the narrowest dendritic arbors that always reach the upper two tectal fiber layers. The somata are found at any depth of the gray matter. HRP experiments reveal a correlation between morphological differences and the projections of tectal neurons. Type 1- and type 2c-like cells constitute the uncrossed tecto-bulbo-spinal tract, whereas type 1- and type 2a-like cells and migrated large spindle-shaped cells (Salamandra) constitute the crossed tecto-bulbo-spinal tract. Type 3-like neurons project to thalamic, pretectal, and isthmic termination sites. The HRP experiments also demonstrate the existence of two classes of mesencephalic trigeminal cells. A comparison shows that salamanders and frogs possess very similar functional and morphological types of tectal cells. However, tectal cells of salamanders show a "juvenile" morphology, and the number of migrated cells is about 10 times higher in frogs compared to salamanders. Both phenomena are seen as the result of secondary simplification of brain structures in the context of paedomorphosis.