Poon Chi-Sang, Young Daniel L
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Aug 8;2:29. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-29.
Nonassociative learning is a basic neuroadaptive behavior exhibited across animal phyla and sensory modalities but its role in brain intelligence is unclear. Current literature on habituation and sensitization, the classic "dual process" of nonassociative learning, gives highly incongruous accounts between varying experimental paradigms. Here we propose a general theory of nonassociative learning featuring four base modes: habituation/primary sensitization in primary stimulus-response pathways, and desensitization/secondary sensitization in secondary stimulus-response pathways. Primary and secondary modes of nonassociative learning are distinguished by corresponding activity-dependent recall, or nonassociative gating, of neurotransmission memory. From the perspective of brain computation, nonassociative learning is a form of integral-differential calculus whereas nonassociative gating is a form of Boolean logic operator--both dynamically transforming the stimulus-response relationship. From the perspective of sensory integration, nonassociative gating provides temporal filtering whereas nonassociative learning affords low-pass, high-pass or band-pass/band-stop frequency filtering--effectively creating an intelligent sensory firewall that screens all stimuli for attention and resultant internal model adaptation and reaction. This unified framework ties together many salient characteristics of nonassociative learning and nonassociative gating and suggests a common kernel that correlates with a wide variety of sensorimotor integration behaviors such as central resetting and self-organization of sensory inputs, fail-safe sensorimotor compensation, integral-differential and gated modulation of sensorimotor feedbacks, alarm reaction, novelty detection and selective attention, as well as a variety of mental and neurological disorders such as sensorimotor instability, attention deficit hyperactivity, sensory defensiveness, autism, nonassociative fear and anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction and craving, pain sensitization and phantom sensations, etc.
非联合性学习是一种基本的神经适应性行为，在动物门和感觉模态中都有表现，但其在脑智力中的作用尚不清楚。关于习惯化和敏感化这两种非联合性学习的经典“双过程”的现有文献，在不同的实验范式之间给出了极不一致的描述。在此，我们提出一种非联合性学习的通用理论，其具有四种基本模式：初级刺激 - 反应通路中的习惯化/初级敏感化，以及次级刺激 - 反应通路中的脱敏/次级敏感化。非联合性学习的初级和次级模式通过神经传递记忆的相应活动依赖性回忆或非联合性门控来区分。从脑计算的角度来看，非联合性学习是一种积分 - 微分形式，而非联合性门控是一种布尔逻辑运算符形式——两者都动态地改变刺激 - 反应关系。从感觉整合的角度来看，非联合性门控提供时间滤波，而非联合性学习提供低通、高通或带通/带阻频率滤波——有效地创建一个智能感觉防火墙，筛选所有刺激以引起注意，并导致内部模型适应和反应。这个统一的框架将非联合性学习和非联合性门控的许多显著特征联系在一起，并提出了一个共同的核心，该核心与多种感觉运动整合行为相关，如感觉输入的中枢重置和自组织、故障安全感觉运动补偿、感觉运动反馈的积分 - 微分和门控调制、警报反应、新奇检测和选择性注意，以及多种精神和神经疾病，如感觉运动不稳定、注意力缺陷多动、感觉防御、自闭症、非联合性恐惧和焦虑、精神分裂症、成瘾和渴望、疼痛敏感化和幻肢感觉等。
