Ko Stephen, Schaefer Peter D, Vicario Cristina M, Binns Helen J
Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2007 Jan;17(1):47-57. doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500519. Epub 2006 Aug 30.
Childrens' touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards were measured using video observations. Descriptions were made of childrens' outdoor residential play environments. Behaviors assessed were used to examine (1) validity of parental responses to questions on childrens' oral behaviors and outdoor play and (2) relationships of mouthing behaviors to blood lead levels (BLLs). Thirty-seven children aged 1-5 years were recruited for 2 h of video recording in their yard and blood lead measurement. Video assessments included hourly rates of hand touches to ground/walking-level surfaces (cement/stone/steel, porch floor/steps, grass, and bare soil) and oral behaviors. Parental questionnaires assessed their child's outdoor activities, behaviors, and home environment. The children were: mean 39 months; 51% male; 89% Hispanic; and 78% Medicaid or uninsured. Twenty-two children had a blood lead measured (mean 6 microg/dl). During taping, all children had access to cement, 92% to grass, 73% to bare soil, and 59% to an open porch. Children had frequent touching and mouthing behaviors observed (median touches/h: touches to surfaces 81; hand-to-mouth area (with and without food) 26; hand-in-mouth 7; and object-in-mouth 17). Blood lead was directly correlated with log-transformed rates of hand-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r=0.564, n=22, P=0.006) and object-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r=0.482, n=22, P=0.023) behaviors. Parental questionnaire responses did not accurately reflect childrens' observed oral behaviors, play habits, or play environment. These data confirm the direct relationship between hand-to-mouth activities and BLLs and fail to validate parental perceptions of their child's mouthing behaviors or outdoor play environment.
通过视频观察来测量儿童在城市住宅庭院户外玩耍时的触摸和口含行为。对儿童的户外住宅玩耍环境进行了描述。所评估的行为用于检验：（1）家长对儿童口腔行为和户外玩耍问题回答的有效性；（2）口含行为与血铅水平（BLLs）之间的关系。招募了37名1 - 5岁的儿童，在他们的庭院中进行2小时的视频记录以及血铅测量。视频评估包括每小时手接触地面/行走高度表面（水泥/石头/钢铁、门廊地板/台阶、草地和裸土）的频率以及口腔行为。家长问卷评估了孩子的户外活动、行为和家庭环境。这些儿童的平均年龄为39个月；51%为男性；89%为西班牙裔；78%参加了医疗补助计划或未参保。22名儿童进行了血铅测量（平均6微克/分升）。在录像期间，所有儿童都能接触到水泥地面，92%能接触到草地，73%能接触到裸土，59%能接触到开放式门廊。观察到儿童有频繁的触摸和口含行为（每小时触摸次数中位数：接触表面81次；手到嘴部区域（无论有无食物）26次；手放入口中7次；物体放入口中17次）。血铅与手放入口中行为的对数转换率（Pearson相关性，r = 0.564，n = 22，P = 0.006）和物体放入口中行为（Pearson相关性，r = 0.482，n = 22，P = 0.023）直接相关。家长问卷的回答未能准确反映儿童观察到的口腔行为、玩耍习惯或玩耍环境。这些数据证实了手到口活动与血铅水平之间的直接关系，并且未能验证家长对其孩子口含行为或户外玩耍环境的认知。
