Hudec Kamil
Slovak Agricultural University, Department of Plant Protection, Trieda A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2007 Jan 25;113(2):125-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.026. Epub 2006 Sep 7.
This study focused on the influence of harvest timing and geographical location on spring malting barley (potential malting variety) in terms of fungal infestation and seedling viability in symptomatic and asymptomatic kernels. The study was conducted over two consecutive crop years (2003-2004) at four locations in Slovakia. The following categories of the barley kernels were used for the assessment: kernels with black point symptoms (BPK), kernels with black cover on their surface (BCK), pink-colored kernels (PCK) and asymptomatic kernels (AK). The occurrence of various fungi was detected in all kernel categories ranging from 60 to 100%. The most frequent fungal contaminants were members of the genus Alternaria, recovered from BPK in the range of 52.6-69.85%, BCK (62.36-73.28%) and AK (55.35-69.58%). The prevalence of Alternaria spp. was recorded for each harvest time. Other dematiaceous fungi, Epicoccum nigrum and Cochliobolus sativus were found with medium frequency in the same three categories. However, C. sativus was recovered with a higher frequency in BPK (2.6-25.3%). In PCK, the most commonly recovered fungi were species of Fusarium with F. avenaceum (59.2-93.2%) as the most prevalent. The infestation of kernels by fungi from other genera showed only low frequency within all the kernel categories investigated. There was no significant influence of the year and location on the proportion of the symptomatic kernel categories. Kernel germination was inhibited to a greater degree in the wetter and colder year. The strongest inhibition of germination ranging from 2.35 to 22.45% was recorded in PCK in all locations and both years. Germination declined from PCK to BCK (43.2-90.32%), and BPK (45.6-91.61%), while it was highest in AK at all harvest times (63-93.6%). This study found that the black covering symptoms (BCK) caused greater damage to viability of the kernels than black point symptoms (BPK). The delayed harvest time resulted not only in increasing numbers of discolored kernels and undesirable symptomatic kernel fractions but also in lower germination of the kernels tested.
本研究聚焦于收获时间和地理位置对春播制麦大麦（潜在制麦品种）的影响，涉及有症状和无症状籽粒的真菌侵染及幼苗活力。该研究在斯洛伐克的四个地点连续两个作物年份（2003 - 2004年）进行。用于评估的大麦籽粒类别如下：有黑点症状的籽粒（BPK）、表面有黑色覆盖物的籽粒（BCK）、粉红色籽粒（PCK）和无症状籽粒（AK）。在所有籽粒类别中均检测到各种真菌的存在，检出率在60%至100%之间。最常见的真菌污染物是链格孢属成员，在BPK中的检出范围为52.6 - 69.85%，BCK为（62.36 - 73.28%），AK为（55.35 - 69.58%）。记录了每个收获时间链格孢属的流行情况。在相同的这三类中还发现了其他暗色真菌，如黑附球菌和禾旋孢腔菌，频率中等。然而，禾旋孢腔菌在BPK中的检出频率较高（2.6 - 25.3%）。在PCK中，最常检出的真菌是镰刀菌属的物种，其中燕麦镰刀菌（59.2 - 93.2%）最为普遍。在所研究的所有籽粒类别中，其他属的真菌侵染频率均较低。年份和地点对有症状籽粒类别的比例没有显著影响。在较湿润和寒冷的年份，籽粒发芽受到的抑制程度更大。在所有地点和两个年份中，PCK的发芽抑制最强，范围为2.35%至22.45%。发芽率从PCK到BCK（43.2 - 90.32%）和BPK（45.6 - 91.61%）逐渐下降，而在所有收获时间AK的发芽率最高（63 - 93.6%）。本研究发现，黑色覆盖症状（BCK）对籽粒活力造成的损害大于黑点症状（BPK）。收获时间延迟不仅导致变色籽粒和不良有症状籽粒比例增加，还导致所测试籽粒的发芽率降低。
