The role of tumor markers in gynecologic oncology.

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a highly sensitive and specific tumor marker for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia that accurately reflects tumor volume and the clinical course of disease. In women with endodermal sinus tumors and embryonal carcinomas, alpha-fetoprotein usually is a reliable marker, and it accurately predicts the presence of yolk sac elements in mixed germ cell tumors. CA 125 is the most widely utilized tumor marker presently available for use in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. It has utility in monitoring therapy and differentiating benign from malignant pelvic masses. Measurement of serial CA 125 levels in postmenopausal women may facilitate screening for occult early stage disease. In the future, monoclonal antibodies that recognize tumor-associated antigens may prove useful for radionuclide imaging.