Jadhav S H, Sarkar S N, Aggarwal M, Tripathi H C
Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007 Jan;52(1):145-51. doi: 10.1007/s00244-006-0053-z. Epub 2006 Oct 9.
Exposure of animals and humans to different metal components through contaminated drinking water can result in a wide range of adverse clinical conditions. Toxicological consequences arising from the concurrent repeated exposure to multiple metal contaminants are not known. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress-inducing potential of a mixture of eight metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, nickel, manganese, iron), representative of groundwater contamination in different areas of India, in erythrocytes of male rats subchronically exposed to environmentally relevant doses via drinking water. The selection of these metals, as determined by literature survey of groundwater contamination in India, was primarily based on the frequency of their occurrence and contamination level above World Health Organization maximum permissible limit (MPL) in drinking water. Male albino Wistar rats were exposed to the metal mixture at 0, 1, 10, and 100 times the mode concentrations (the most frequently occurring concentration) of the individual metals in drinking water for 90 days. In addition, one group of rats was also exposed to the mixture at a concentration equal to the MPL of individual components. The oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by assessing the magnitude of malondialdehyde production and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) after 30, 60, and 90 days of exposure. MPL and 1x dose levels did not cause any changes. The mixture at 10x and 100x doses caused dose- and time-dependent effects. After 30 days, the 10x dose did not cause any changes except increase in SOD activity. The 100x dose increased the activities of SOD, catalase and GR and the GSH level, but caused no alterations in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and GPx activity. After 60 days, the 10x dose did not cause any changes. The 100x dose increased LPO and decreased all the antioxidant parameters, except GSH. After 90 days, both 10x and 100x levels elevated LPO. The 10x dose decreased GSH level and activities of SOD and catalase, but not of GPx and GR, whereas the 100x dose decreased all the antioxidative systems. Overall, the present study demonstrates that the subchronic exposure of male rats to the mixture of metals via drinking water results in induction of oxidative stress and concomitant reduction in antioxidative defense system in erythrocytes at 10 and 100 times the mode concentrations of the individual metals in contaminated groundwater.
动物和人类通过受污染的饮用水接触不同金属成分,可能导致多种不良临床状况。同时反复接触多种金属污染物所产生的毒理学后果尚不清楚。本研究的目的是评估代表印度不同地区地下水污染的八种金属(砷、镉、铅、汞、铬、镍、锰、铁)混合物对经饮用水亚慢性暴露于环境相关剂量的雄性大鼠红细胞的氧化应激诱导潜力。根据对印度地下水污染的文献调查,选择这些金属主要基于它们在饮用水中出现的频率以及高于世界卫生组织最大允许限量(MPL)的污染水平。雄性白化Wistar大鼠分别以饮用水中各金属的模式浓度(最常出现的浓度)的0、1、10和100倍接触金属混合物90天。此外,一组大鼠还以等于各成分MPL的浓度接触该混合物。在暴露30、60和90天后,通过评估丙二醛生成量、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性来评估红细胞中的氧化应激。MPL和1倍剂量水平未引起任何变化。10倍和100倍剂量的混合物产生了剂量和时间依赖性效应。30天后,10倍剂量除了增加SOD活性外未引起任何变化。100倍剂量增加了SOD、过氧化氢酶和GR的活性以及GSH水平,但未引起脂质过氧化(LPO)和GPx活性的改变。60天后,10倍剂量未引起任何变化。100倍剂量增加了LPO并降低了所有抗氧化参数,但GSH除外。90天后,10倍和100倍水平均升高了LPO。10倍剂量降低了GSH水平以及SOD和过氧化氢酶的活性,但未降低GPx和GR的活性,而100倍剂量降低了所有抗氧化系统。总体而言,本研究表明,雄性大鼠通过饮用水亚慢性接触金属混合物会导致氧化应激的诱导,并伴随红细胞抗氧化防御系统在污染地下水中各金属模式浓度的10倍和100倍时降低。