Lichterman Boleslav L
Centre for the History of Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
J Int Bioethique. 2005 Sep-Dec;16(3-4):33-41, 167-8. doi: 10.3917/jib.163.0033.
Russian medical ethics bears a heavy mark of seven decades of the communist regime. In 1918 the Health Care Commissariat (ministry) was formed. It was headed by Nikolai Semashko (1874-1949) who claimed that "the ethics of the Soviet physician is an ethics of our socialist motherland, an ethics of a builder of communist society; it is equal to communist moral". "Medical ethics" had been avoided until the late 1930s when it was replaced by "medical (or surgical) deontology". This "deontological" period started with "Problems of surgical deontology" written by N. Petrov, a surgeon, and lasted for almost half a century until "medical deontology" was abandoned in favor of "bioethics" in post-communist Russia. There have been five All-Union conferences on medical deontology since 1969. The story of the emergence of "The Oath of a Soviet Physician" is briefly described. The text of this Oath was approved by a special decree of the Soviet Parliament in 1971. Each graduate of medical school in USSR was obliged to take this Oath when receiving his or her medical diploma. It is concluded that such ideas of zemstvo medicine as universal access to health care and condemnation of private practice were put into practice under the communist regime.
俄罗斯医学伦理带有长达七十年共产主义政权的深刻印记。1918年成立了卫生保健人民委员部（卫生部）。其负责人是尼古拉·谢马什科（1874 - 1949），他宣称“苏联医生的伦理是我们社会主义祖国的伦理，是共产主义社会建设者的伦理；它等同于共产主义道德”。“医学伦理”一词一直被回避，直到20世纪30年代末，它被“医学（或外科）道义学”所取代。这个“道义学”时期始于外科医生N. 彼得罗所写的《外科道义学问题》，并持续了近半个世纪，直到后共产主义时期的俄罗斯，“医学道义学”被“生物伦理学”所取代。自1969年以来，已经召开了五次全苏医学道义学会议。简要描述了《苏联医生誓言》的产生历程。该誓言的文本于1971年由苏联议会特别法令批准。苏联每一位医学院毕业生在领取医学文凭时都必须宣誓。得出的结论是，诸如全民享有医疗保健和谴责私人行医等地方自治医学理念在共产主义政权下得以实施。
