Activation of macrophages for ADCC in vitro: effects of IL-4, TNF, interferons-alpha/beta, interferon-gamma, and GM-CSF.

Macrophages in varying states of activation differ in their ability to perform antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-independent macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity (MTC). To define further the activation requirements for macrophages to perform various cytolytic functions, we stimulated peptone-elicited peritoneal macrophages, which are only poorly cytolytic, with one of a panel of cytokines and then quantified three distinct cytolytic capacities. The peptone-elicited macrophages, after stimulation with IFN-alpha/beta, IL-4, or TNF, had increased ability to perform both the rapid and slow variants of ADCC but not to perform MTC. Stimulation with high doses of IFN-gamma, however, increased the macrophages' ability to perform all three cytolytic functions. GM-CSF had no effects on any cytolytic capacity. The effects of IL-4, TNF, IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha/beta on the macrophages' capacity for both forms of ADCC were dose-dependent. IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha/beta increased the macrophages' capacity for both variants of ADCC within 4 hr of treatment, whereas IL-4 and TNF did so only after prolonged treatment. These results suggest that three forms of macrophage cytolytic capacity can be enhanced by cytokine treatment but that the requirements for enhancing each of the three forms of macrophage cytolytic capacity differ.