Insecticide-treated bednets to prevent anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo Governorate, Syria: results from two trials.

The increasing incidence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Syria, coupled with the inefficacy of residual insecticide spraying to control the disease, have led to the further evaluation of the preventive efficacy of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) through large-scale field studies. Two trials were performed in the historical ACL-endemic areas of the Aleppo Governorate. In 1997-1999, a matched-cluster randomized trial was conducted in five intervention (ITNs) and five control (untreated bednets) villages, which involved a population of 10354 in 1321 households. In 2001-2003, a second study was performed in four villages (a population of 9325 in 858 households), which allowed the evaluation of the impact of the interruption of ITN intervention on ACL incidence rates. Both studies not only confirmed the high efficacy of ITNs in preventing ACL during 1 year post-intervention [about 85% (95% CL 76-98%) in the 1997-1999 trial], but also suggested that the interruption of this control measure might restore the pre-intervention disease incidence within 1-2 years. These findings underline the need for a sustainable and durable implementation of ITN-based control of the disease.