Matousek Jirí
Masaryk University Brno, Faculty of Science, EU Research Centre of Excellence for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Kamenice 126/3, CZ-625-00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Sep;1076:549-58. doi: 10.1196/annals.1371.069.
Still existing arsenals of chemical weapons (CW) pose not only security threats for possible use in hostilities by state actors or misuse by terrorists but also safety threats to humans and biota due to leakages and possible accidents. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) commits the States Parties (SPs) to destroy CW using technologies taking into consideration human health and environmental protection. It does not allow methods, routinely used up to the 1970s, such as earth burial, open-pit burning, and sea dumping. Long-term health and environmental threats and some accidents that have already occurred in the known localities of the sea-dumped and earth-buried arsenals of Nazi-German armed forces in the Baltic Region and of Imperial Japanese forces in the Far East Region are analyzed according to the impact of major CW and ammunition types (i.e., sulfur mustard--HD, tabun--GA, arsenicals--DA, DC, DM, arsine oil, and chloroacetophenone--CN). Any possible operations and handling with CW envisaged by the CWC as well as their verification are summarized taking into account the health threat they pose. CW and toxic armament waste to be destroyed and applied technologies (both developed and under current use in operational CW destruction facilities [CWDF]) are reviewed as are systems of health safety and environmental protection of the destruction/demilitarization stems from the extraordinary high toxicity of supertoxic lethal agents in man and biota. Problems of currently used Russian and U.S. standards for maximum allowable workplace concentrations and general population limits and possibilities of their determination by available analytical instrumentation are discussed.
现存的化学武器库不仅对国家行为体在敌对行动中可能使用或恐怖分子可能滥用构成安全威胁，而且由于泄漏和可能发生的事故，对人类和生物群也构成安全威胁。《化学武器公约》（CWC）要求缔约国采用考虑到人类健康和环境保护的技术来销毁化学武器。它不允许使用20世纪70年代以前经常使用的方法，如土埋、露天焚烧和海洋倾倒。根据主要化学武器和弹药类型（即芥子气——HD、塔崩——GA、含砷化合物——DA、DC、DM、胂油和苯氯乙酮——CN）的影响，分析了波罗的海地区纳粹德国武装部队和远东地区日本帝国军队海洋倾倒和土埋化学武器库已知地点长期存在的健康和环境威胁以及一些已经发生的事故。考虑到《化学武器公约》设想的任何可能的化学武器操作和处理及其核查所构成的健康威胁，对其进行了总结。对将要销毁的化学武器和有毒军备废物以及应用技术（包括在现役化学武器销毁设施[CWDF]中已开发和正在使用的技术）进行了审查，同时还审查了销毁/非军事化的健康安全和环境保护系统，因为超毒性致死剂对人类和生物群具有极高的毒性。讨论了俄罗斯和美国目前使用的工作场所最大允许浓度和一般人群限值标准问题，以及用现有分析仪器测定这些标准的可能性。
