Schack-Nielsen Lene, Michaelsen Kim F
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
J Nutr. 2007 Feb;137(2):503S-510S. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.2.503S.
There is an intense interest in the effects of breast-feeding on the offspring and in understanding the mechanisms behind these effects. More than 50 papers are published monthly on topics such as the influence of breast-feeding on aspects of growth, immune-related effects, mental development, and noncommunicable diseases. Most breast-feeding data are observational; confounding can be difficult to rule out because some maternal factors are associated with both breast-feeding and infant outcomes (e.g., obesity and mental development). The most important short-term immunological benefit of breast-feeding is the protection against infectious diseases. There is also some evidence of lower prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, childhood cancers, and type I diabetes in breast-fed infants, suggesting that breast-feeding influences the development of the infant's own immune system. One of the most consistent findings of breast-feeding is a positive effect on later intelligence tests with a few test points advantage for breast-fed infants. In the last few years, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the effect of breast-feeding on noncommunicable diseases. There seems to be a small protective effect against later overweight and obesity. Blood pressure and blood cholesterol seem to be slightly lower in breast-fed infants; however, the few studies examining breast-feeding and the risk of coronary heart disease in later life did not find an association. Recent data have suggested that breast-feeding can program the insulin-like growth factor-I axis, as 3 studies found that breast-fed infants are taller as adults.
人们对母乳喂养对后代的影响以及理解这些影响背后的机制有着浓厚的兴趣。每月有超过50篇论文发表，主题包括母乳喂养对生长方面的影响、免疫相关影响、智力发育和非传染性疾病等。大多数母乳喂养数据是观察性的；由于一些母亲因素与母乳喂养和婴儿结局都有关联（例如肥胖和智力发育），混杂因素可能难以排除。母乳喂养最重要的短期免疫益处是预防传染病。也有一些证据表明，母乳喂养的婴儿患炎症性肠病、儿童癌症和1型糖尿病的患病率较低，这表明母乳喂养会影响婴儿自身免疫系统的发育。母乳喂养最一致的发现之一是对后期智力测试有积极影响，母乳喂养的婴儿在测试分数上有几个点的优势。在过去几年中，几项系统评价和荟萃分析研究了母乳喂养对非传染性疾病的影响。母乳喂养似乎对预防后期超重和肥胖有轻微的保护作用。母乳喂养的婴儿血压和血胆固醇似乎略低；然而，少数研究母乳喂养与晚年冠心病风险的研究并未发现两者之间存在关联。最近的数据表明，母乳喂养可以对胰岛素样生长因子-I轴进行编程，因为有3项研究发现，母乳喂养的婴儿成年后更高。
