Wrona Frederick J, Prowse Terry D, Reist James D, Hobbie John E, Lévesque Lucie M J, Macdonald Robie W, Vincent Warwick F
National Water Research Institute of Environment Canada, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, BC.
Ambio. 2006 Nov;35(7):388-401. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[388:eourac]2.0.co;2.
Climate change is likely to act as a multiple stressor, leading to cumulative and/or synergistic impacts on aquatic systems. Projected increases in temperature and corresponding alterations in precipitation regimes will enhance contaminant influxes to aquatic systems, and independently increase the susceptibility of aquatic organisms to contaminant exposure and effects. The consequences for the biota will in most cases be additive (cumulative) and multiplicative (synergistic). The overall result will be higher contaminant loads and biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems. Changes in stratospheric ozone and corresponding ultraviolet radiation regimes are also expected to produce cumulative and/or synergistic effects on aquatic ecosystem structure and function. Reduced ice cover is likely to have a much greater effect on underwater UV radiation exposure than the projected levels of stratospheric ozone depletion. A major increase in UV radiation levels will cause enhanced damage to organisms (biomolecular, cellular, and physiological damage, and alterations in species composition). Allocations of energy and resources by aquatic biota to UV radiation protection will increase, probably decreasing trophic-level productivity. Elemental fluxes will increase via photochemical pathways.
气候变化可能成为一种多重压力源，对水生系统产生累积和/或协同影响。预计气温升高以及降水模式的相应变化将增加污染物向水生系统的流入，并独立增加水生生物对污染物暴露及其影响的易感性。在大多数情况下，对生物群的影响将是累加的（累积的）和倍增的（协同的）。总体结果将是水生生态系统中污染物负荷增加和生物放大作用。平流层臭氧的变化以及相应的紫外线辐射模式预计也会对水生生态系统的结构和功能产生累积和/或协同效应。冰层覆盖减少对水下紫外线辐射暴露的影响可能比预计的平流层臭氧消耗水平大得多。紫外线辐射水平的大幅增加将导致对生物体的损害加剧（生物分子、细胞和生理损害，以及物种组成的改变）。水生生物用于紫外线辐射防护的能量和资源分配将会增加，这可能会降低营养级生产力。元素通量将通过光化学途径增加。
