Maier Steven F, Amat Jose, Baratta Michael V, Paul Evan, Watkins Linda R
Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado 80309-0345, USA.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8(4):397-406. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/smaier.
The degree of control that an organism has over a stressor potently modulates the impact of the stressor, with uncontrollable stressors producing a constellation of outcomes that do not occur if the stressor is behaviorally controllable. It has generally been assumed that this occurs because uncontrollability actively potentiates the effects of stressors. Here it will be suggested that in addition, or instead, the presence of control actively inhibits the impact of stressors. At least in part, this occurs because (i) the presence of control is detected by regions of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv); and (ii) detection of control activates mPFCv output to stress-responsive brain stem and limbic structures that actively inhibit stress-induced activation of these structures. Furthermore, an initial experience with control over stress alters the mPFCv response to subsequent stressors so that mPFCv output is activated even if the subsequent stressor is uncontrollable, thereby making the organism resilient. The general implications of these results for understanding resilience in the face of adversity are discussed.
生物体对压力源的控制程度会有力地调节压力源的影响，不可控压力源会产生一系列结果，而如果压力源是行为可控的，则不会出现这些结果。人们通常认为出现这种情况是因为不可控性会积极增强压力源的影响。在此将提出，除此之外，或者相反，控制的存在会积极抑制压力源的影响。至少部分原因在于：（i）腹内侧前额叶皮层（mPFCv）区域会检测到控制的存在；（ii）对控制的检测会激活mPFCv向对应激有反应的脑干和边缘结构的输出，从而积极抑制这些结构的应激诱导激活。此外，对压力的初次控制体验会改变mPFCv对后续压力源的反应，这样即使后续压力源不可控，mPFCv的输出也会被激活，从而使生物体具有恢复力。本文讨论了这些结果对于理解面对逆境时恢复力的一般意义。
