Haberstick Brett C, Timberlake David, Ehringer Marissa A, Lessem Jeffrey M, Hopfer Christian J, Smolen Andrew, Hewitt John K
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
Addiction. 2007 Apr;102(4):655-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01746.x. Epub 2007 Feb 15.
To examine variation in nicotine dependence scores and covariation between different dependence symptoms.
A 12-year, nationally representative, probability-based survey of adolescent health-related behaviors and their outcomes during young adulthood in the United States. The genetic contribution to nicotine dependence was evaluated in the sibling-pairs sample of the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.
Nicotine dependence (ND) was assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) in 1154 young adults, between the ages of 18 and 25 years, who were from twin, full sibling and half-sibling pairs.
Dependence in this sample was common and varied in degree. Total HSI scores evidenced moderate to large heritable contributions (61%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46-0.72), as did the quantity of cigarettes smoked (52%, 95% CI: 0.39-0.63) and urgency to smoke (55%, 95% CI: 0.38-0.68). Multivariate modeling identified a highly heritable underlying factor (76%, 95% CI: 0.56-0.91) that influenced the covariation of dependence symptoms and loaded most heavily on how soon after waking a smoker uses his or her first cigarette. The quantity of cigarettes smoked per day also evidenced residual genetic influences that were not common to other dependence-related behaviors.
In this sample of young adults from the general population, both genes and individual-specific environments are important etiological factors in ND. The urgency to smoke, as measured by the time to first cigarette, may be the most informative measure on the FTND for genetic studies of nicotine dependence.
研究尼古丁依赖评分的变化以及不同依赖症状之间的协变关系。
一项为期12年、基于概率的全国代表性调查，涉及美国青少年与健康相关行为及其成年早期的结果。在美国国家青少年健康纵向研究的同胞对样本中评估了尼古丁依赖的遗传贡献。
对1154名年龄在18至25岁之间、来自双胞胎、全同胞和半同胞对的年轻人，使用尼古丁依赖Fagerström测试（FTND）和吸烟量指数（HSI）评估尼古丁依赖（ND）。
该样本中的依赖情况普遍且程度各异。HSI总分显示出中度至高度的遗传贡献（61%，95%置信区间（CI）：0.46 - 0.72），吸烟量（52%，95%CI：0.39 - 0.63）和吸烟紧迫感（55%，95%CI：0.38 - 0.68）也是如此。多变量建模确定了一个高度可遗传的潜在因素（76%，95%CI：0.56 - 0.91），该因素影响依赖症状的协变，并且在吸烟者醒来后多快使用第一支香烟这一指标上负荷最重。每天吸烟量也显示出残留的遗传影响，这与其他与依赖相关的行为并不常见。
在这个来自普通人群的年轻成人样本中，基因和个体特异性环境都是尼古丁依赖的重要病因因素。用吸第一支烟的时间来衡量的吸烟紧迫感，可能是尼古丁依赖基因研究中FTND最具信息量的指标。
