Makino Hiroshi, Jitsumori Masako
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
J Comp Psychol. 2007 Feb;121(1):22-33. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.121.1.22.
Adult humans (Homo sapiens) and pigeons (Columba livia) were trained to discriminate artificial categories that the authors created by mimicking 2 properties of natural categories. One was a family resemblance relationship: The highly variable exemplars, including those that did not have features in common, were structured by a similarity network with the features correlating to one another in each category. The other was a polymorphous rule: No single feature was essential for distinguishing the categories, and all the features overlapped between the categories. Pigeons learned the categories with ease and then showed a prototype effect in accord with the degrees of family resemblance for novel stimuli. Some evidence was also observed for interactive effects of learning of individual exemplars and feature frequencies. Humans had difficulty in learning the categories. The participants who learned the categories generally responded to novel stimuli in an all-or-none fashion on the basis of their acquired classification decision rules. The processes that underlie the classification performances of the 2 species are discussed.
成年人类（智人）和鸽子（家鸽）接受训练，以区分作者通过模仿自然类别的两种属性创建的人工类别。一种是家族相似关系：高度可变的示例，包括那些没有共同特征的示例，由一个相似性网络构建，其中每个类别中的特征相互关联。另一种是多态规则：没有单一特征对于区分类别是必不可少的，并且所有特征在类别之间重叠。鸽子轻松地学会了这些类别，然后对新刺激表现出符合家族相似程度的原型效应。还观察到一些关于个体示例学习和特征频率交互作用的证据。人类在学习这些类别时遇到困难。学习了这些类别的参与者通常根据他们获得的分类决策规则以全有或全无的方式对新刺激做出反应。讨论了这两个物种分类表现背后的过程。
