Apel John R, Ostrovsky Lev A, Stepanyants Yury A, Lynch James F
Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2007 Feb;121(2):695-722. doi: 10.1121/1.2395914.
Nonlinear internal waves in the ocean are discussed (a) from the standpoint of soliton theory and (b) from the viewpoint of experimental measurements. First, theoretical models for internal solitary waves in the ocean are briefly described. Various nonlinear analytical solutions are treated, commencing with the well-known Boussinesq and Korteweg-de Vries equations. Then certain generalizations are considered, including effects of cubic nonlinearity, Earth's rotation, cylindrical divergence, dissipation, shear flows, and others. Recent theoretical models for strongly nonlinear internal waves are outlined. Second, examples of experimental evidence for the existence of solitons in the upper ocean are presented; the data include radar and optical images and in situ measurements of wave forms, propagation speeds, and dispersion characteristics. Third, and finally, action of internal solitons on sound wave propagation is discussed. This review paper is intended for researchers from diverse backgrounds, including acousticians, who may not be familiar in detail with soliton theory. Thus, it includes an outline of the basics of soliton theory. At the same time, recent theoretical and observational results are described which can also make this review useful for mainstream oceanographers and theoreticians.
本文从（a）孤子理论的角度和（b）实验测量的角度对海洋中的非线性内波进行了讨论。首先，简要描述了海洋中内孤立波的理论模型。从著名的Boussinesq方程和Korteweg-de Vries方程开始，讨论了各种非线性解析解。然后考虑了某些推广，包括立方非线性、地球自转、柱面发散、耗散、剪切流等的影响。概述了近期强非线性内波的理论模型。其次，给出了上层海洋中孤子存在的实验证据实例；数据包括雷达和光学图像以及波形、传播速度和色散特性的现场测量。第三，也是最后，讨论了内孤子对声波传播的作用。这篇综述文章面向来自不同背景的研究人员，包括可能不太熟悉孤子理论细节的声学专家。因此，它包括了孤子理论基础的概述。同时，描述了近期的理论和观测结果，这也使得这篇综述对主流海洋学家和理论家有用。
