Rousseaux C G
Can Vet J. 1988 Jan;29(1):23-9.
The incidence of developmental abnormalities in domestic animals is low, however there is continuing pressure on the veterinarian to answer concerns of the producer as to why the abnormality occurred and what significance it has for the rest of the herd. Generally, both normal and abnormal development are products of both genetic and environmental factors. These genetic and environmental factors can be single or multiple in nature. Interactions between environment and genes may confuse matters further. In addition, a number of genetic or environmental factors may produce the same abnormality. For these reasons, one must be aware of the complex principles of normal development and how they may be disturbed before attempting a methodological approach to solve etiology.
家畜发育异常的发生率较低，然而，兽医仍面临持续的压力，需要回应生产者关于异常为何发生以及对畜群其他个体有何影响的关切。一般来说，正常发育和异常发育都是遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的结果。这些遗传和环境因素在性质上可能是单一的，也可能是多个的。环境与基因之间的相互作用可能会使情况更加复杂。此外，许多遗传或环境因素可能会导致相同的异常。由于这些原因，在尝试采用系统方法解决病因之前，必须了解正常发育的复杂原理以及它们可能如何受到干扰。
