Peijnenburg Willie J G M, Zablotskaja Marina, Vijver Martina G
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Ecological Risk Assessment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 Jun;67(2):163-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.02.008. Epub 2007 Apr 18.
Bioavailability considerations are one of the tools for a proper assignment of sites potentially and actually at risk as it allows assessing both the extent (hazard) and probability (risk) of adverse effects. In this paper, bioavailability considerations are linked to physico-chemical methods available for assessing metal fractions in soils. The focus of the overview is on empirical methods for extraction of metals from soils as a surrogate for the metal-, species- and soil-type-dependent bioavailable and bioaccessible metal pools. This cumulates in a generalized flow chart for monitoring of metals in soils. In support of the general monitoring strategy, examples are given of successful applications of analytical methods for predicting metal uptake by plants and animals, for assessing the origin of metals in soils, as well as the leaching potential of soils and the extent of soil contamination. It is concluded that a large arrays of chemical assessment methodologies for metal speciation in solid and liquid soil phases are available. As most assessment methodologies are operationally defined instead of being functionally defined, examples of mechanistically based monitoring approaches of bioavailability are still scarce. The value of the methods for measuring bioavailability can be significantly improved when the species, metal, and soil specific aspects of bioavailability are more accurately taken into account in the design of chemical simulation methodologies.
生物有效性考量是合理确定潜在和实际风险地点的工具之一，因为它能够评估不良影响的程度（危害）和概率（风险）。在本文中，生物有效性考量与可用于评估土壤中金属组分的物理化学方法相关联。综述的重点是从土壤中提取金属的经验方法，以此作为依赖于金属、物种和土壤类型的生物可利用和生物可及金属库的替代物。这汇总成了一个用于监测土壤中金属的通用流程图。为支持总体监测策略，列举了一些分析方法成功应用的实例，这些方法用于预测植物和动物对金属的吸收、评估土壤中金属的来源、土壤的淋溶潜力以及土壤污染程度。得出的结论是，有大量用于测定固相和液相土壤相中金属形态的化学评估方法。由于大多数评估方法是基于操作定义而非功能定义，基于机理的生物有效性监测方法的实例仍然很少。当在化学模拟方法的设计中更准确地考虑生物有效性的物种、金属和土壤特定方面时，测量生物有效性方法的价值可得到显著提高。
