Vaitukaitis J L
Cancer. 1976 Jan;37(1 suppl):567-72. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197601)37:1+<567::aid-cncr2820370722>3.0.co;2-j.
Ectopic production and secretion of hormones by a wide variety of tumors were initially recognized by signs and symptoms of excess circulating biologically active hormone. With the development of more sophisticated and sensitive techniques, it has become apparent that not all tumors secrete biologically active hormones. Some altered forms of polypeptide hormones may be in very high concentrations immunologically but be inactive biologically. On the other hand, polypeptide hormones may circulate at concentrations too low to induce clinical signs and symptoms. Consequently, new ectopic humoral syndromes have been recognized and the incidence of previously described syndromes has become considerably greater than previously recognized. Every hormone known to be normally secreted by endocrine organs or the placenta has been documented to be secreted ectopically by a wide variety of tumors. Moreover, several of those hormones may be used as biochemical markers of malignancy for both screening and monitoring of patients with documented or suspected tumors.
多种肿瘤异位产生和分泌激素最初是通过循环中生物活性激素过量的体征和症状而被认识到的。随着更精密和敏感技术的发展，已明显发现并非所有肿瘤都分泌生物活性激素。一些多肽激素的改变形式在免疫学上浓度可能很高，但生物学上无活性。另一方面，多肽激素可能以过低的浓度循环，以至于无法诱发临床体征和症状。因此，已识别出了新的异位体液综合征，并且先前描述的综合征的发生率已远高于先前的认识。已知由内分泌器官或胎盘正常分泌的每种激素都已被证明可由多种肿瘤异位分泌。此外，其中几种激素可用作恶性肿瘤的生化标志物，用于对已确诊或疑似肿瘤患者的筛查和监测。
