Gonzales Gustavo F
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura (High Altitude Research Institute) and Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007 Sep 30;158(2-3):172-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.03.015. Epub 2007 Apr 5.
Humans have lived in the Peruvian Andes for about 12,000 years providing adequate time for adaptation to high altitude to have occurred. The arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century potentially altered this process through genetic admixture. Early records revealed a potential for reduced fertility and a high perinatal and neonatal mortality amongst the early Spanish inhabitants who settled at high altitude when compared to the native Inca population. It appears that fertility is reduced during acute exposure at high altitude but is normal in populations born and living at high altitude. On the other hand, perinatal and neonatal mortality is presently still high at elevated altitudes, even after taking into account socio-economic status. The rates of perinatal and neonatal mortality are, however, lower in populations that have resided at high altitude for longer; populations inhabiting the southern Andes have a longer antiquity at high altitude and lower rates of fetal and neonatal deaths than those in the central Andes with a shorter residence at high altitude. Clearly, antiquity and genetics are important components in determining survival and quality of life at high altitude.
人类在秘鲁安第斯山脉生活了约12000年，这为高原适应的发生提供了充足的时间。16世纪西班牙征服者的到来可能通过基因混合改变了这一过程。早期记录显示，与当地印加人口相比，早期定居在高海拔地区的西班牙居民生育能力可能下降，围产期和新生儿死亡率较高。似乎在高海拔急性暴露期间生育能力会下降，但在出生并生活在高海拔地区的人群中生育能力正常。另一方面，即使考虑到社会经济状况，目前高海拔地区的围产期和新生儿死亡率仍然很高。然而，在高海拔地区居住时间较长的人群中，围产期和新生儿死亡率较低；居住在安第斯山脉南部的人群在高海拔地区居住的时间更长，与在高海拔地区居住时间较短的安第斯山脉中部人群相比，胎儿和新生儿死亡率更低。显然，居住时间和基因是决定高海拔地区生存和生活质量的重要因素。
