[Neural induction: new achievements and perspectives].

Neural differentiation is specified for the first time during vertebrate's development in a part of cells of the embryonic ectoderm under the influence of signals emanating from neighboring tissues: the phenomenon of neural induction. As it was established more then 10 years ago by experiments with the Xenopus embryos, the inhibition of BMP signaling cascade in precocious of neural cells plays the main role in this phenomenon. As a result, the epidermal differentiation program is blocked in these cells, and instead the neural program appears to be activated in them on default. This so-called the default model of neural induction was also confirmed by experiments in other organisms. At the same time, an important role of FGF and Wnt signaling cascades in modulation of BMP cascade during neural induction was recently established. Identification and investigation of many novel proteins involved in the process of neural induction allows one to come back at the novel level, namely at the level of mathematical modeling, to one of the basic challenge of developmental biology: the problem of spatial patterning of cell differentiation during embryogenesis.