The constitutive behaviour of passive heart muscle tissue: a quasi-linear viscoelastic formulation.

A quasi-linear viscoelastic law with a continuous relaxation spectrum describing triaxial constitutive behaviour of heart muscle tissue is presented. The elastic response of the viscoelastic law is anisotropic, while the relaxation behaviour is assumed isotropic. The law is designed for a biphasic description (fluid-solid) of the myocardial tissue. Biaxial and uniaxial stress-strain curves from the literature are used to evaluate the parameters of the model. The non-linear elastic response, the difference between fibre and cross-fibre stiffness, the phenomenon of stress relaxation, the stiffening of the stress-strain relationship with increasing strain rate and the weak frequency dependency of the dissipated energy during cyclic loading are fairly well described by the proposed law. However, it is found that the model produces realistic values for the dissipated energy during cyclic loading only when relaxation parameter values are chosen which result in an overestimation of the stress relaxation data by more than 100%. This finding may indicate non-quasi-linearity of viscoelasticity of passive heart muscle tissue.