Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Scarpelli M, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L
Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), Ancona, Italy.
J Clin Pathol. 2008 Jan;61(1):3-10. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2007.049312. Epub 2007 Jun 1.
The morphological classification and diagnosis of bladder neoplasms is summarised, with specific focus on histological typing, grading and staging. Four diagnostic categories are described on the basis of the pattern of growth of the urothelial lesions and tumours (flat, exophytic or papillary, endophytic, and invasive). The WHO 2004 classification is currently used. However, the WHO 1973 classification is still considered by many urologists and oncologists as the international standard in patient management.
总结了膀胱肿瘤的形态学分类和诊断，特别关注组织学类型、分级和分期。根据尿路上皮病变和肿瘤的生长模式描述了四种诊断类别（扁平型、外生性或乳头状、内生性和浸润性）。目前使用的是世界卫生组织2004年分类。然而，许多泌尿科医生和肿瘤学家仍将世界卫生组织1973年分类视为患者管理的国际标准。
