TLR agonists selectively promote terminal plasma cell differentiation of B cell subsets specialized in thymus-independent responses.

Naive murine B cells are known to proliferate and differentiate in response to LPS or CpG, which bind to TLR4 and TLR9, respectively. However, the naive murine B cell compartment is heterogeneous and comprises four different B cell subsets: B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone (MZ), and follicular (FO) B cells. B-1a, B-1b, and MZ B cells are specialized in the response to thymus-independent Ag, and FO B cells are involved in the response to thymus-dependent Ag. This study was undertaken to compare those four naive B cell subsets for their responses to TLR agonists. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of TLR transcripts differs quantitatively but not qualitatively from one subset to the other. All TLR agonists, with the exception of flagellin and poly(I:C), stimulate B cell proliferation whatever the subset considered. However, TLR ligation leads to massive differentiation of B-1 and MZ B cells into mature plasma cells (PC) but only marginally promotes PC differentiation of FO B cells. Moreover, TLR stimulation strongly up-regulates expression of Blimp-1 and XBP-1(S), two transcription factors known to be instrumental in PC differentiation, in B-1 and MZ B cells but not in FO B cells. Altogether, our findings suggest that B-1 and MZ B cells are poised to PC differentiation in response to the microbial environment and that TLR agonists can be instrumental in stimulating Ab-mediated innate immune protection during microbial infections.