Gao Pengfei, King William P, Shaffer Ronald
National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
J Occup Environ Hyg. 2007 Aug;4(8):562-71. doi: 10.1080/15459620701448416.
This review focuses on the physical requirements for conducting ensemble testing and describes the salient issues that organizations involved in the design, test, or certification of personal protective equipment (PPE) and protective clothing ensembles need to consider for strategic planning. Several current and proposed PPE ensemble test practices and standards were identified. The man-in-simulant test (MIST) is the primary procedure used by the military to evaluate clothing ensembles for protection against chemical and biological warfare agents. MIST has been incorporated into the current editions of protective clothing and equipment standards promulgated by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). ASTM has recently developed a new test method (ASTM F 2588-06) for MIST evaluation of protective ensembles. Other relevant test methods include those described in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. The primary differences among the test methods were the choice of test challenge material (e.g., sulfur hexafluoride, methyl salicylate, sodium chloride particles, corn oil, fluorophore-impregnated silica) and the exercise protocol for the subject(s). Although ensemble test methods and standards provide detailed descriptions of the test procedures, none give specific requirements for chamber design. A literature survey identified 28 whole-body exposure chambers that have been or could potentially be used for testing protective clothing ensembles using human test subjects. Median chamber size, median floor space, and median volume per subject were calculated from 15 chambers (involving human test subjects), where size information is available. Based on the literature survey of existing chambers and the review of the current and proposed standards and test methods, chamber design requirements will be dictated by the test methods selected. Due to widely different test conditions for aerosol/particulate and vapor ensemble testing, it is unlikely that a single chamber could accommodate all types of ensemble testing. With increasing use of the MIST protocol by NFPA for CBRN certification of structural firefighting gear and protective ensembles for first responders, the need for MIST laboratory capability is clear. However, existing chambers can likely be adapted to accommodate MIST with some modifications.
本综述聚焦于进行成套装备测试的物理要求，并描述了参与个人防护装备（PPE）和防护服成套装备设计、测试或认证的组织在战略规划时需要考虑的突出问题。确定了几种当前和提议的PPE成套装备测试方法及标准。人体模拟测试（MIST）是军方用于评估防护服成套装备对化学和生物战剂防护能力的主要程序。MIST已被纳入美国国家消防协会（NFPA）颁布的现行防护服和装备标准版本中。美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）最近开发了一种新的测试方法（ASTM F 2588 - 06）用于对防护成套装备进行MIST评估。其他相关测试方法包括国际标准化组织（ISO）标准中描述的方法。这些测试方法的主要差异在于测试挑战物质的选择（例如，六氟化硫、水杨酸甲酯、氯化钠颗粒、玉米油、荧光团浸渍的二氧化硅）以及受试对象的运动方案。尽管成套装备测试方法和标准对测试程序有详细描述，但均未对测试舱设计给出具体要求。一项文献调查确定了28个全身暴露舱，这些舱已被或可能被用于使用人体受试对象测试防护服成套装备。根据15个舱（涉及人体受试对象）的尺寸信息，计算出了测试舱的中位尺寸、中位占地面积以及每位受试对象的中位容积。基于对现有测试舱的文献调查以及对现行和提议的标准与测试方法的综述，测试舱设计要求将由所选的测试方法决定。由于气溶胶/颗粒物和蒸气成套装备测试的条件差异很大，单个测试舱不太可能容纳所有类型的成套装备测试。随着NFPA越来越多地使用MIST协议对结构消防装备和急救人员的防护成套装备进行化学、生物、放射性和核（CBRN）认证，对MIST实验室能力的需求显而易见。然而，现有测试舱经过一些修改后可能适合进行MIST测试。
