Shoulder dystocia with and without brachial plexus injury: experience from three centers.

This article compares the maneuvers used to relieve shoulder dystocia (SD) at three centers and discerns risk factors for brachial plexus injury (BPI) following SD. Retrospectively SD managed at three tertiary centers was identified and charts reviewed. Unconditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for BPI. SD was encountered in 2% of vaginal deliveries (624/29,591), and BPI followed impacted shoulders in 6% (38/624). The rate of SD among the three institutes varied significantly (1.5%, 2%, 0.8% of vaginal births; P < 0.0001). The use of the McRoberts' maneuver to relieve SD differed significantly by center (98%, 80%, 90%; P < 0.0001) as did the use of suprapubic pressure (83%, 66%, 54%; P < 0.0001). The rate of BPI per case of SD (10%, 3%, 5%) was significantly different at the three centers ( P = 0.009). A multivariate predictive model indicates that among those with and without concomitant fractures, there is a significantly increased risk of BPI if three or more maneuvers are used rather than two or fewer. In conclusion, not only does the rate of SD and BPI following it occur at significantly different rates, the management differs too. Compared with two maneuvers or fewer, there is an increased risk of BPI if three or more maneuvers are used to relieve SD.