Zittrain Jonathan
Oxford University, England.
Harv Bus Rev. 2007 Jun;85(6):49-59, 140.
The Internet goose has laid countless golden eggs, along with a growing number of rotten ones. But it's the rotten ones that now tempt commercial, governmental, and consumer interests to threaten the Internet's uniquely creative power. The expediently selected, almost accidentally generative properties of the Internet - its technical openness, ease of access and mastery, and adaptability - have combined, especially when coupled with those of the PC, to produce an unsurpassed environment for innovative experiment. Those same properties, however, also make the Internet hospitable to various forms of wickedness: hacking, porn, spam, fraud, theft, predation, and attacks on the network itself. As these undesirable phenomena proliferate, business, government, and many users find common cause for locking down Internet and PC architecture in the interests of security and order. PC and Internet security vulnerabilities are a legitimate menace. However, the most likely reactions - if they are not forestalled - will be at least as unfortunate as the security problems themselves. Consider the growing profusion of "tethered appliances" - devices whose functions cannot readily be altered by their owners (think TiVo). Such appliances take Internet innovations and wrap them up in a neat, easy-to-use package, which is good - but only if the Internet and PC can remain sufficiently in the center of the digital ecosystem to produce the next round of innovations and to generate competition. People buy these devices for their convenience or functionality and may appreciate the fact that they are safer to use (they limit the damage users can do through ignorance or carelessness). But the risk is that users, by migrating to such appliances, will unwittingly trade away the future benefits of generativity - a loss that will go unappreciated even as innovation tapers off.
互联网这只“鹅”下了无数金蛋,同时也产出了越来越多的坏蛋。但正是这些坏蛋如今诱使商业、政府和消费者利益群体威胁互联网独特的创造力。互联网那些权宜选定、几乎是偶然产生的特性——其技术开放性、易于访问和掌握以及适应性——相互结合,尤其是与个人电脑的特性相结合时,营造出了一个无与伦比的创新实验环境。然而,同样这些特性也使互联网易于滋生各种邪恶行为:黑客攻击、色情内容、垃圾邮件、欺诈、盗窃、掠夺以及对网络本身的攻击。随着这些不良现象的扩散,企业、政府和许多用户出于安全和秩序的考虑,找到了共同的理由来锁定互联网和个人电脑架构。个人电脑和互联网的安全漏洞是一个实实在在的威胁。然而,如果不加以预防,最可能的反应至少会和安全问题本身一样不幸。想想越来越多的“绑定设备”——其功能用户无法轻易更改的设备(比如数字视频录像机TiVo)。这类设备将互联网创新成果整合在一个简洁易用的包中,这很好——但前提是互联网和个人电脑能够充分保持在数字生态系统的核心位置,以催生新一轮创新并引发竞争。人们购买这些设备是因为它们方便或具备特定功能,可能也欣赏它们使用起来更安全这一事实(它们限制了用户因无知或粗心可能造成的损害)。但风险在于,用户转向使用这类设备后,会不知不觉地放弃未来的生成性收益——即便创新逐渐减少,这种损失也不会被意识到。