Kirklin D
Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Archway Campus, London N19 5LW, UK.
J Med Ethics. 2007 Jul;33(7):386-9. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.015156.
In an attempt to be rational and objective, and, possibly, to avoid the charge of moral relativism, ethicists seek to categorise and characterise ethical dilemmas. This approach is intended to minimise the effect of the confusing individuality of the context within which ethically challenging problems exist. Despite and I argue partly as a result of this attempt to be rational and objective, even when the logic of the argument is accepted--for example, by healthcare professionals--those same professionals might well respond by stating that the conclusions are unacceptable to them. In this paper, I argue that an interpretative approach to ethical analysis, involving an examination of the ways in which ethical arguments are constructed and shared, can help ethicists to understand the origins of this gap between logic and intuition. I suggest that an argument will be persuasive either if the values underpinning the proposed argument accord with the reader's values and worldview, or if the argument succeeds in persuading the reader to alter these. A failure either to appreciate or to acknowledge those things that give meaning to the lives of all the interested parties will make this objective far harder, if not impossible, to achieve. If, as a consequence, the narratives ethicists use to make their arguments seem to be about people living in different circumstances, and faced with different choices and challenges, from those the readers or listeners consider important or have to face in their own lives, then the argument is unlikely to seem either relevant or applicable to those people. The conclusion offered by the ethicist will be, for that individual, counterintuitive. Abortion, euthanasia and cadaveric organ donation are used as examples to support my argument.
为了做到理性和客观,并可能避免被指责为道德相对主义,伦理学家试图对伦理困境进行分类和描述。这种方法旨在尽量减少存在道德挑战性问题的背景中令人困惑的个体差异所产生的影响。尽管——我认为部分原因是——这种追求理性和客观的尝试,即使论证的逻辑被接受了——例如,被医疗保健专业人员接受——这些专业人员很可能会回应说,他们无法接受这些结论。在本文中,我认为一种解释性的伦理分析方法,包括审视伦理论证的构建和共享方式,可以帮助伦理学家理解逻辑与直觉之间这种差距的根源。我认为,如果支撑所提出论证的价值观与读者的价值观和世界观相符,或者如果该论证成功地说服读者改变这些价值观,那么这个论证将具有说服力。如果不能认识到或承认那些赋予所有相关方生活意义的事物,将使这一目标即使不是不可能实现,也会变得更加困难。因此,如果伦理学家用于论证的叙述似乎是关于生活在不同环境中、面临与读者或听众认为重要的或在自己生活中必须面对的不同选择和挑战的人,那么这个论证对这些人来说不太可能显得相关或适用。伦理学家提供的结论对那个人来说将是违反直觉的。堕胎、安乐死和尸体器官捐赠被用作例子来支持我的论点。