Hadjiisky P, Bourdillon M C, Grosgogeat Y
Centre de recherche sur les maladies cardiovasculaires Claude-Bernard, faculté de médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris.
Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1991 Nov;84(11):1593-603.
Experimental approaches to the problem of atherosclerosis involve animal or cellular models and procedures of lesional induction. Relevant animal models are rare. The rat, the mouse and the dog are free of "natural" atherosclerosis and only develop diffuse lipidosis after high cholesterol diet and thyroid block. They are more appropriate models of experimental arteriosclerosis and intimal proliferation induced by different procedures. The rabbit, also free of spontaneous atherosclerosis, is extremely sensitive to lipid-rich diets, but the lesions induced resemble more a xanthomatosis than an atherosclerosis. Immunological procedures in this model result in a generalised immune arteriosclerotic arteriopathy. The monkey and pig, which are phylogenetically close to man, develop spontaneous atherosclerosis exacerbated by lipid-rich diets or other procedures: hormones, psychosocial stress. The cost and problems of upkeep make these two models inaccessible to most laboratories. Although the hen, turkey and pigeon are grain-eating, they develop natural atherosclerosis, are sensitive to atherogenic diets, and provide satisfactory replacement models, especially for research into the viral and tumoral theories of atherogenesis. The pigeon is particularly suitable for studying cellular, biochemical and genetic aspects of atherosclerosis: these spontaneous plaques, similar to those in man, are ontogenetically and topographically predictable. The species include genetic types both sensitive and resistant to the disease. Moderately lipid-rich diets induce lesions even in very young pigeons. They also lend themselves well to the study of the antiatherosclerotic effects of pharmacological agents. Endothelial, smooth muscle and macrophage cell cultures are widely used to study the factors influencing cellular modulation and proliferation, lipid metabolism and movement of cholesterol, cellular biosynthesis and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
动脉粥样硬化问题的实验方法涉及动物或细胞模型以及损伤诱导程序。相关的动物模型很少见。大鼠、小鼠和狗没有“自然”的动脉粥样硬化，仅在高胆固醇饮食和甲状腺阻断后出现弥漫性脂质沉着。它们更适合作为由不同程序诱导的实验性动脉硬化和内膜增生的模型。兔子也没有自发性动脉粥样硬化，对富含脂质的饮食极为敏感，但所诱导的病变更类似于黄瘤病而非动脉粥样硬化。该模型中的免疫程序会导致全身性免疫性动脉硬化性动脉病。与人类在系统发育上接近的猴子和猪会出现自发性动脉粥样硬化，富含脂质的饮食或其他程序（激素、心理社会压力）会使其病情加重。饲养成本和问题使得大多数实验室无法使用这两种模型。尽管母鸡、火鸡和鸽子以谷物为食，但它们会出现自然的动脉粥样硬化，对致动脉粥样硬化饮食敏感，并提供了令人满意的替代模型，尤其适用于动脉粥样硬化病毒学说和肿瘤学说的研究。鸽子特别适合研究动脉粥样硬化的细胞、生化和遗传方面：这些自发性斑块与人类的斑块相似，在个体发生和部位上是可预测的。该物种包括对该疾病敏感和抗性的遗传类型。即使是非常年幼的鸽子，适度富含脂质的饮食也会诱导病变。它们也非常适合用于研究药物制剂的抗动脉粥样硬化作用。内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞培养物被广泛用于研究影响细胞调节和增殖、脂质代谢和胆固醇转运、细胞生物合成以及细胞 - 细胞和细胞 - 基质相互作用的因素。
