Turkel Ann Ruth
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, USA.
J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry. 2007 Summer;35(2):243-58. doi: 10.1521/jaap.2007.35.2.243.
Bullies and their victims are more likely to engage in violent behavior than those who have never been involved in bullying. In both aggressor and victim, bullying is a sign of potential psychiatric disorder. It is primarily physical in children, becomes relational aggression in adolescents, and often appears in the form of sexual harassment in adulthood. The causes of bullying include the desire to control, revenge, envy, and emotional distress. Bullies have often themselves been bullied. Teachers are frequently reluctant to report bullying, even if they view it as a problem. Bullying deprives children of safety and security, but prevention and intervention are all too often not part of school curricula. The unique characteristics of bully and victim, risk factors leading to bullying behavior, the influence of the parents, and the roles of gender relationships and sex differences are explored in this article.
霸凌者及其受害者比那些从未参与过霸凌行为的人更有可能实施暴力行为。无论是霸凌者还是受害者，霸凌都是潜在精神疾病的一种表现。在儿童中，霸凌主要表现为身体暴力，在青少年中则成为关系型攻击行为，而在成年期常常以性骚扰的形式出现。霸凌的成因包括控制欲、报复心、嫉妒和情绪困扰。霸凌者自己往往也曾遭受过霸凌。教师即使认为霸凌是个问题，也常常不愿举报。霸凌剥夺了儿童的安全感，但预防和干预却常常不是学校课程的一部分。本文探讨了霸凌者和受害者的独特特征、导致霸凌行为的风险因素、父母的影响以及性别关系和性别差异的作用。
