[Application of genetic polymorphisms in blood to forensic anthropology].

1. The Ainu subjects and, as controls, Wajin subjects obtained in the District of Hokkaido, were studied for blood groups, serum groups and red cell enzyme groups. The high n gene and r" gene frequencies seem to be characteristic in the distribution of the Ainu. In considering the high frequencies of Fya and Agx genes, low incidence K gene and Rh negative type, and existence of Di (a+) type, it is conceivable that the distribution of these blood group in the Ainu are closer to those in Mongoloid than to those in Caucasoid. The results of genetic distance analysis were in full agreement with the genetic affinity of the Ainu to the Mongoloid racial stock. According to the phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of 16 polymorphic loci, it may be concluded that the Ainu are derived from the common stock of Mongoloids, which in turn has common ancestry with American Indians. The Negritos which are thought to be oldest living aborigines of southeast Asia and the western pacific. We investigated for grouping some genetic polymorphic traits from Negrito blood samples collected in the Philippines. A total of more than 500 samples were examined for 20 genetic traits. The most outstanding features of Negritos were as follows: Di (a+) type was found and all individuals were Lu (a-b +) and K-k+ types. Mia, Wra and Jsa genes were absent and all samples were U+ type. The existence of Dia gene and absence of both Lua and K genes are thought to suggest that the distribution of Negritos is quite close to that of Mongoloid populations. Fy (a-b-) and Js (a+) types are not found in our study. These results do not suggest similarity between Negritos and African. 2. The tandem repeat of a 28-base-pair (bp) sequence downstream of the human c-Ha-ras-1 oncogene was studied as a probe for DNA fingerprinting. Multiple hypervariable patterns were observed by Southern hybridization at low stringency. The patterns were specific to individuals, indicating the availability of the 28-bp repeat as a probe for DNA fingerprinting. Moreover, we cloned the tandem repeat of a 33-bp sequence, which cross-hybridized with the 28-bp repeat. This 33-bp repeat detected another set of hypervariable restriction fragments by Southern hybridization at the same stringency. These results suggest that "probe walking" can be employed to develop novel probes that provide different DNA fingerprints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)