Antifungal usage in children undergoing intensive treatment for acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of the multicenter clinical trial AML-BFM 93.

We retrospectively analyzed the antifungal usage in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Overall, 211 of 304 patients (69.4%) received a total of 389 antifungal treatment episodes. In 234 episodes, initial antifungal treatment consisted of amphotericin B [as monotherapy, n = 193; median dosage (range) of amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.6 mg/kg per day (0.02-1.5 mg/kg per day) and of liposomal amphotericin B 3.0 mg/kg per day (0.6-30 mg/kg per day)], in 149 episodes of fluconazole [as monotherapy, n = 143; 5 mg/kg per day (1-29 mg/kg per day)], in 40 of flucytosine [as monotherapy, n = 1; 150 mg/kg per day (40-370 mg/kg per day)], and in 9 of itraconazole [as monotherapy, n = 8; 6 mg/kg per day (1.6-20 mg/kg per day)]. We conclude that the majority of children with AML receives at least one episode of antifungal therapy. Inappropriate dosing and combination of antimycotics need to be addressed in future educational measures.