Perry R A, Gill J, Cross G M
Canley Heights Veterinary Clinic, New South Wales, Australia.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1991 Nov;21(6):1307-27. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50141-8.
The avian integument consists of highly specialized structures that show extreme variations between species. Feathers are the most obvious part of the integument, and their color and beauty forms an important basis for the attraction of birds to humans. Any disorder in the feathers can be distressing for a client and frustrating for the avian practitioner. The cause of some disorders may be apparent, but others have a complex pathogenesis involving management, human-bird interaction, malnutrition, psychologic factors, disease, or hormone imbalances.
鸟类的体表由高度特化的结构组成，这些结构在不同物种间表现出极大差异。羽毛是体表最明显的部分，其颜色和美观程度是鸟类吸引人类的重要基础。羽毛出现任何问题都会让鸟主人苦恼，也会让鸟类从业者感到棘手。有些问题的原因可能显而易见，但其他一些问题的发病机制则较为复杂，涉及饲养管理、人与鸟的互动、营养不良、心理因素、疾病或激素失衡等。
