Influences of object weight and instruction on grip force adjustments.

This study investigated the influence of object weight and instructions on grip force responses in humans. Using a precision grip, subjects lifted a small instrumented test object to a predetermined height. Prior to each set of 40 trials, subjects were verbally instructed to either "hold" or "let go" of the object in response to any change in weight. Unpredictably on some trials (less than 20%), a sudden sustained increase (load) or decrease (unload) in vertical load was applied to the object. Grip responses to these induced weight changes were evaluated by measuring grip force, object position, and associated electromyographic (EMG) activity. Grip force changes for a load were over three times greater than those for an unload. Such asymmetry may reflect everyday grasp and manipulation in a gravity-influenced world. Grip force adjustments to loads following "hold" instructions were on the average somewhat larger than those following "let go" instructions, but there was no influence of instructions on responses to unloads. These findings contrast with more robust influences of verbal instruction on automatic postural and proximal upper limb responses and also may suggest that grip force adjustments are influenced to a greater extent by intrinsic task variables than by extrinsic volitional intent. Such organization appears tailored to functional task requirements in natural environmental contexts.