Oosterhuis J Wolter, Stoop Hans, Honecker Friedemann, Looijenga Leendert H J
Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Int J Androl. 2007 Aug;30(4):256-63; discussion 263-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00793.x.
Hypotheses on the origin and distribution of extragonadal germ cell tumours (GCTs) and teratomas are briefly reviewed and revisited in the light of (i) new developments in the classification of GCTs, (ii) data on genomic imprinting of these neoplasms and (iii) the recent finding that germ cells can be derived from mouse and human embryonal stem (ES) cells. Only the Type I (infantile teratomas/yolk sac tumours) and Type II GCTs (seminomatous tumours and non-seminomas) occur in the gonads and extragonadal localizations. The data on genomic imprinting lend support to the hypothesis that they are derived from germ cells. These precursor cells could have differentiated from ES cells in extragonadal localizations. Their distribution along the midline of the body is still best explained by the migration of primitive germ cells during development. The narrower distribution of the Type II than the Type I GCTs is probably due to the more strict conditions for survival and proliferation of primordial germ cells (PGCs)/gonocytes from which the Type II tumours originate, when compared with the precursor cells of Type I tumours, probably primitive germ cells closer to the ES cell. The known niches in which the Type II tumours develop have in common that they contain feeder cells expressing stem cell factor (SCF) - the ligand for the SCF receptor c-KIT, involved in proliferation and survival of PGCs/gonocytes - and contain GBY including the gene TSPY.
本文简要回顾并重新审视了关于性腺外生殖细胞肿瘤（GCTs）和畸胎瘤的起源及分布的假说，具体依据如下：（i）GCTs分类的新进展；（ii）这些肿瘤的基因组印记数据；（iii）最近发现生殖细胞可源自小鼠和人类胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）。只有I型（婴儿型畸胎瘤/卵黄囊瘤）和II型GCTs（精原细胞瘤和非精原细胞瘤）发生于性腺及性腺外部位。基因组印记数据支持了它们源自生殖细胞的假说。这些前体细胞可能在性腺外部位由ES细胞分化而来。它们沿身体中线的分布仍最好用发育过程中原始生殖细胞的迁移来解释。与I型肿瘤的前体细胞（可能是更接近ES细胞的原始生殖细胞）相比，II型肿瘤起源的原始生殖细胞（PGCs）/生殖母细胞的存活和增殖条件更为严格，这可能是II型GCTs的分布比I型更局限的原因。已知II型肿瘤发生的龛位的共同特点是它们含有表达干细胞因子（SCF）的饲养细胞，SCF是SCF受体c-KIT的配体，参与PGCs/生殖母细胞的增殖和存活，并且含有包括TSPY基因在内的GBY。
