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恢复的和相邻的集约管理草甸中量化昆虫食物网内的相互作用多样性。

Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed meadows.

作者信息

Albrecht Matthias, Duelli Peter, Schmid Bernhard, Müller Christine B

机构信息

Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2007 Sep;76(5):1015-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01264.x.

Abstract
  1. We studied the community and food-web structure of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows and at increasing distances within intensively managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to test if declining species diversity correlates with declining interaction diversity and changes in food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species richness and abundance of three functional groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level and natural enemies as the higher trophic level, were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent intensively managed meadows. Diversity and abundance of specific trophic interactions also declined from restored to intensively managed meadows. 3. The proportion of attacked brood cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to natural enemies were significantly higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. Bee abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of bees declined with increasing distance from restored meadows. These findings indicate that interaction diversity declines more rapidly than species diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative measures of food-web structure (linkage density, interaction diversity, interaction evenness and compartment diversity) were higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. This was reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey species per consumer species (degree of generalism) in restored than in intensively managed meadows. 5. The higher insect species and interaction diversity was related to higher plant species richness in restored than in intensively managed meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the theoretical prediction that decreasing species richness at lower trophic levels should reduce species richness at higher trophic levels, and in addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction diversity at these higher levels. Species at higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively more than species at lower trophic levels from habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compartment diversity and lower interaction evenness in restored than in intensively managed meadows, both of which are theoretically positively associated with increased ecosystem stability in restored meadows.
摘要
  1. 我们研究了瑞士13个地点恢复草地以及集约化管理草地中不同距离处陷阱筑巢昆虫的群落和食物网结构,以检验物种多样性下降是否与相互作用多样性下降以及食物网结构变化相关。2. 我们分析了49个定量食物网,总共包含1382个营养相互作用,涉及39种寄主/猎物昆虫物种和14种寄生蜂/捕食性昆虫物种。恢复草地中三个功能组(较低营养级的蜜蜂和黄蜂以及较高营养级的天敌)的物种丰富度和丰度显著高于相邻的集约化管理草地。从恢复草地到集约化管理草地,特定营养相互作用的多样性和丰度也有所下降。3. 恢复草地中被攻击的育雏细胞比例以及蜜蜂和黄蜂因天敌导致的死亡率显著高于集约化管理草地。蜜蜂的丰度以及蜜蜂被攻击的育雏细胞比例随着与恢复草地距离的增加而下降。这些发现表明,在我们的研究系统中,相互作用多样性比物种多样性下降得更快。4. 恢复草地中食物网结构的定量指标(连接密度、相互作用多样性、相互作用均匀度和区室多样性)高于集约化管理草地。这体现在恢复草地中每个消费者物种的寄主/猎物物种平均数量(泛化程度)高于集约化管理草地。5. 恢复草地中较高的昆虫物种和相互作用多样性与较高的植物物种丰富度相关。特别是,蜜蜂和天敌对植物多样性增加有积极反应。6. 我们的研究结果为理论预测提供了实证证据,即较低营养级物种丰富度的降低应导致较高营养级物种丰富度的降低,此外还会导致这些较高营养级相互作用多样性的更强降低。因此,在所研究的草地生态系统中,较高营养级的物种可能比低营养级的物种从栖息地恢复中受益相对更多。我们还证明,恢复草地的区室多样性增强,相互作用均匀度低于集约化管理草地,这两者在理论上都与恢复草地生态系统稳定性增加呈正相关。

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