Structure-function relationships of the C-terminal functional domain of hirudin and its variants.

The C-terminal functional domain of hirudin, hirudin variant 1 (residues 55-65), binds to a non-catalytic site on thrombin. In doing so, it is capable of inhibiting the procoagulant actions of thrombin. In terms of free energy of binding, this domain, which comprises 17% of the total sequence of the protein, contributes approximately half of the binding energy of the whole protein to thrombin. This situation also appears to hold true for the known variants of hirudin, some of which differ in the functional nature of their C-terminal regions. Extensive structure-function studies on this domain yield insights into the differences and similarities in the modes of thrombin interaction of hirudin and its variants. In particular, hirudin and hirudin PA have a similar and somewhat interchangeable structure-activity relationships (SAR) profile that indicates that they interact with thrombin in a similar manner. Hirullin P18, a 62 amino acid member of the hirudin family and isolated from Hirudinaria manillensis, is substantially different in sequence and its SAR, which shows that, although it seems to utilize the same non-catalytic binding domain as hirudin, it must utilize a different mode of interaction with thrombin.