Science. 1979 Oct 12;206(4415):217-8. doi: 10.1126/science.206.4415.217.
Rarefaction analysis of extinctions in the Late Permian indicates that as many as 96 percent of all marine species may have died out, thus forcing the marine biosphere to pass through a small bottleneck. With such severity of extinction, chance elimination of certain biologic groups would have been probable. Some of the changes in biologic composition observed at the Permo-Triassic boundary may be explained as an evolutionary founder effect that followed the bottleneck.
灭绝稀有分析表明，晚二叠世可能有多达 96%的海洋物种灭绝，从而迫使海洋生物圈经历一个小瓶颈。如此严重的灭绝，某些生物群体的偶然淘汰很可能发生。在二叠纪-三叠纪边界观察到的生物组成变化，有些可以解释为紧随瓶颈之后的进化奠基者效应。
