Mulabagal Vanisree, Van Nocker Steven, Dewitt David L, Nair Muraleedharan G
Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 3;55(20):8165-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0718300. Epub 2007 Sep 7.
The red coloration of apple skin is mainly due to anthocyanins that are reported to possess health benefits. The aim of the present study was to determine the anthocyanin content in three underutilized Malus pumila Mill cultivars, Cranberry, Kerr, and Niedzwetzkyana, and confirm their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Our analysis revealed that the three cultivars studied contained primarily cyanidin-3-O-glucosyl rutinoside (1) at >99%. The anthocyanin was purified by C-18 medium pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by NMR spectral methods. The quantification of anthocyanins in M. pumila cultivars revealed that Cranberry, Kerr, and Niedzwetzkyana contained 1.12, 0.55, and 0.36 mg/g of fresh weight of 1, respectively. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) inhibitory activities of 1 in water were compared with the activities of cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (2) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (3) found in cherries and berries. There is a significant increase in LPO and COX enzyme-inhibitory activities of anthocyanin when tested in water compared to using dimethylsulfoxide as the carrier. The LPO inhibition of anthocyanins 1, 2, and 3 were 53.3, 68.3, and 87.9, respectively, at a 0.25 microM concentration. They inhibited the COX-1 enzyme by 42.7, 45.2, and 50.4 and COX-2 by 52.7, 61.5, and 68.5, respectively, at 5 microM. The LPO inhibitory values for commercial standards, BHA, BHT, and TBHQ, were 85, 89, and 94%, respectively at 1 microM. Similarly, positive controls aspirin, celecoxib, and robecoxib inhibited COX-1 and -2 enzymes by 68.6, 40.7, and 0% and 26.6, 72.2, and 92.4%, respectively, at 60, 26, and 32 nM.
苹果皮的红色主要归因于花青素，据报道花青素具有健康益处。本研究的目的是测定三种未充分利用的苹果品种（蔓越莓、克尔和尼德维茨基亚纳）中的花青素含量，并证实它们的抗炎和抗氧化活性。我们的分析表明，所研究的这三个品种主要含有含量超过99%的矢车菊素 - 3 - O - 葡萄糖基芸香糖苷（1）。花青素通过C - 18中压液相色谱法进行纯化，并通过核磁共振光谱法进行表征。对苹果品种中的花青素进行定量分析发现，蔓越莓、克尔和尼德维茨基亚纳中1的鲜重含量分别为1.12、0.55和0.36毫克/克。将1在水中的脂质过氧化（LPO）和环氧化酶（COX）抑制活性与樱桃和浆果中发现的矢车菊素 - 3 - O - 芸香糖苷（2）和矢车菊素 - 3 - O - 葡萄糖苷（3）的活性进行了比较。与使用二甲基亚砜作为载体相比，在水中测试时花青素的LPO和COX酶抑制活性有显著增加。在0.25微摩尔浓度下，花青素1、2和3对LPO的抑制率分别为53.3%、68.3%和87.9%。在5微摩尔浓度下，它们对COX - 1酶的抑制率分别为42.7%、45.2%和50.4%，对COX - 2酶的抑制率分别为52.7%、61.5%和68.5%。商业标准品丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）、二丁基羟基甲苯（BHT）和叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）在1微摩尔浓度下对LPO的抑制值分别为85%、89%和94%。同样，阳性对照阿司匹林、塞来昔布和罗贝考昔在60、26和32纳摩尔浓度下分别对COX - 1和 - 2酶的抑制率为68.6%、40.7%和0%以及26.6%、72.2%和92.4%。
