Endocytosis of human sex steroid-binding protein in monkey germ cells.

We investigate in this study the hypothesis of human sex steroid-binding protein hSBP internalization into germ cells in a primate model. Human SBP was purified from late-pregnancy serum and labeled either with colloidal gold particles (18 nm) or with [3H]delta 6-testosterone by photoaffinity treatment. The germ cells were isolated from sexually mature monkey testis or caput epididymis (Macaca fascicularis) by mechanical means and cell suspensions (4 x 10(6) per 100 microliters culture medium) were incubated in presence of hSBP-gold complex (60 ng/100 microliters) or hSBP-[3H]delta 6-testosterone complex (66 ng/100 microliters, 20,000 cpm) for 2, 5, 15, 45, and 60 min. The samples were processed for electron microscopy followed by autoradiographic treatment for the radiolabeled samples. Localization of the label occurred over the whole germ cell lineage whichever tracer was used. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, testicular and epididymal spermatozoa exhibited specific binding sites over the plasma membrane associated with clathrin-like coated pits and vesicles. At 34 degrees C, intracellular localization of the labeled ligand was found within coated vesicles, in early and late endosomes. In addition, in early spermatogenic cells, labeled ligand was detected in the nuclei and/or associated with the nuclear envelope whereas in late spermatids and residual bodies, the labeling was accumulated in multivesicular, prelysosomal structures. Quantitative analysis of the "labeled cells/total cells" ratio exhibited a negative correlation to the maturation steps, epididymal spermatozoa being the least labeled. The cellular distribution is similar with one or the other protein in the same spermatogenic cells. Unlabeled hSBP treatment prior to labeled hSBP reduced significantly the internalization. Lowering the temperature to 4 degrees C prevented endocytosis and enhanced membrane binding. EDTA pretreatment strongly decreased hSBP internalization and modified the early endocytic steps, namely, the pinching off of the coated vesicles. It is concluded that monkey germ cells are able to internalize the human sex steroid-binding protein through specific endocytic organelles. This endocytosis leads to the labeling of the nuclei in the early spermatogenic cells and of the multivesicular bodies in the late germ cells. This strongly suggests that steroid-binding proteins may be required for spermatogenesis in acting at the germ cell lineage level either by themselves or by serving as steroid transmembrane carriers.