Effects of a fertilizer, an insecticide, and a pathogenic fungus on hatching and survival of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles.

We assessed the single and interactive effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, the insecticide carbaryl, and a widespread waterborne pathogen Saprolegnia ferax on the hatching and survival of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles in the laboratory. Carbaryl significantly reduced tadpole survival and hatching rate, but no interactive effects were found among stressors.