Liebhold Andrew M, Tobin Patrick C
Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2008;53:387-408. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091401.
During the establishment phase of a biological invasion, population dynamics are strongly influenced by Allee effects and stochastic dynamics, both of which may lead to extinction of low-density populations. Allee effects refer to a decline in population growth rate with a decline in abundance and can arise from various mechanisms. Strategies to eradicate newly established populations should focus on either enhancing Allee effects or suppressing populations below Allee thresholds, such that extinction proceeds without further intervention. The spread phase of invasions results from the coupling of population growth with dispersal. Reaction-diffusion is the simplest form of spread, resulting in continuous expansion and asymptotically constant radial rates of spread. However, spread of most nonindigenous insects is characterized by occasional long-distance dispersal, which results in the formation of isolated colonies that grow, coalesce, and greatly increase spread. Allee effects also affect spread, generally in a negative fashion. Efforts to slow, stop, or reverse spread should incorporate the spread dynamics unique to the target species.
在生物入侵的建立阶段，种群动态受到阿利效应和随机动态的强烈影响，这两者都可能导致低密度种群灭绝。阿利效应是指随着种群数量减少，种群增长率下降，它可能由多种机制引起。根除新建立种群的策略应侧重于增强阿利效应或使种群数量低于阿利阈值，以便在无需进一步干预的情况下实现灭绝。入侵的扩散阶段是种群增长与扩散相结合的结果。反应扩散是最简单的扩散形式，会导致持续扩张和渐近恒定的径向扩散速率。然而，大多数非本土昆虫的扩散特点是偶尔的长距离扩散，这会导致形成孤立的群体，这些群体生长、合并并极大地加速扩散。阿利效应通常也以负面方式影响扩散。减缓、阻止或逆转扩散的努力应纳入目标物种特有的扩散动态。
