Kellogg Ronald T
Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, MO 63103-2097, USA.
Am J Psychol. 2007 Fall;120(3):415-28.
Writing is less practiced than speaking, graphemic codes are activated only in writing, and the retrieved representations of the text must be maintained in working memory longer because handwritten output is slower than speech. These extra demands on working memory could result in less effort being given to retrieval during written compared with spoken text recall. To test this hypothesis, college students read or heard Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" and then recalled the text in writing or speech. Spoken recall produced more accurately recalled propositions and more major distortions (e.g., inferences) than written recall. The results suggest that writing reduces the retrieval effort given to reconstructing the propositions of a text.
书写的练习比口语少，字形编码仅在书写时被激活，而且由于手写输出比言语慢，文本的提取表征必须在工作记忆中保持更长时间。与口语相比，这些对工作记忆的额外要求可能导致在书面回忆文本时用于提取的精力减少。为了验证这一假设，大学生阅读或听了巴特利特的《幽灵的战争》，然后以书面或口头形式回忆文本。口头回忆比书面回忆产生了更准确回忆的命题和更多的主要歪曲（例如，推理）。结果表明，书写减少了用于重构文本命题的提取精力。
