From research methods to clinical practice in psychiatry: challenges and opportunities in the developing world.

Psychiatric disorders are amongst the most prevalent, burdensome, and costly of all medical disorders. Several factors make this an exciting time for research on these conditions; these include relevant advances in (1) nosology and epidemiology; (2) neuroscience, including neurogenetics, molecular neurobiology, cognitive-affective neuroscience, and brain imaging; (3) psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions; (4) systems research in mental health, including evaluation of evidence and of costs; and (5) patient advocacy and mental health literacy. At the same time, there are important challenges facing psychiatry researchers; these include (1) limitations of current diagnostic systems; (2) problems in attracting talented researchers to neuroscience and in obtaining sufficient funding for the vast amount of needed work; (3) a relative lack of controlled pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic studies undertaken outside the context of tertiary centres in the developed world; (4) ongoing gaps in systems research, including a relative lack of research on the effects of mental health policy; and (5) stigmatization of mental illness and anti-scientific beliefs in the community. These opportunities and challenges exist in both the developed and the developing world, but their scope may differ qualitatively and quantitatively; here we present a perspective from the developing world. We conclude with a wish list for the way forwards.