Lambert A Stephane
Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Anesth Analg. 2007 Oct;105(4):940-3. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000278084.35122.4e.
The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) measurement, also known as the "flow convergence" method, can be used in echocardiography to estimate the area of an orifice through which blood flows. It has many applications, but this review focuses only on its use in the intraoperative evaluation of mitral regurgitation. In that setting, PISA provides a quantitative assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation and it is useful in clinical decision-making in the operating room. In this review, I discuss the physical principles behind the PISA method, along with the various mathematical formulas used to calculate the effective mitral regurgitant orifice area, the regurgitant volume, and the regurgitant fraction. A step-by-step approach is presented and illustrated with graphic and video demonstrations. Finally, I will discuss the various limitations and technical considerations of PISA measurement in the operating room.
近端等速表面积（PISA）测量，也称为“血流汇聚”法，可用于超声心动图中估计血液流动所通过的孔口面积。它有许多应用，但本综述仅关注其在二尖瓣反流术中评估中的应用。在这种情况下，PISA可对二尖瓣反流的严重程度进行定量评估，并且在手术室的临床决策中很有用。在本综述中，我将讨论PISA方法背后的物理原理，以及用于计算有效二尖瓣反流口面积、反流容积和反流分数的各种数学公式。本文将介绍一种逐步的方法，并通过图形和视频演示进行说明。最后，我将讨论手术室中PISA测量的各种局限性和技术注意事项。
