Composition and distribution of internal resistance in three types of microbial fuel cells.

High internal resistance is a key problem limiting the power output of the microbial fuel cell (MFC). Therefore, more knowledge about the internal resistance is essential to enhance the performance of the MFC. However, different methods are used to determine the internal resistance, which makes the comparison difficult. In this study, three different types of MFCs were constructed to study the composition and distribution of internal resistance. The internal resistance (R(i)) is partitioned into anodic resistance (R(a)), cathodic resistance (R(c)), and ohmic resistance (R(Omega)) according to their origin and the design of the MFCs. These three resistances were then evaluated by the "current interrupt" method and the "steady discharging" method based on the proposed equivalent circuits for MFCs. In MFC-A, MFC-B, and MFC-C, the R(i) values were 3.17, 0.35, and 0.076 Omega m(2), the R(Omega) values were 2.65, 0.085, and 0.008 Omega m(2), the R(a) values were 0.055, 0.115, and 0.034 Omega m(2), and the R(c) values were 0.466, 0.15, and 0.033 Omega m(2), respectively. For MFC-B and MFC-C, the remarkable decrease in R(i) compared with the two-chamber MFC was mainly ascribed to the decline in R(Omega) and R(c). In MFC-C, the membrane electrodes' assembly lowered the ohmic resistance and facilitated the mass transport through the anode and cathode electrodes, resulting in the lowest R(i) among the three types.