Freeze-substitution techniques for preparing nematodes for scanning electron microscopy.

The effect of different substitution times, temperatures and the incorporation of fixatives on the preservation of three species of nematode for scanning electron microscopy by freeze substitution with methanol, followed by critical point drying, is investigated. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi adults and Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective juveniles were successfully preserved using methanol at 253 K as the substitution medium. Preservation deteriorated with long substitution times, suggesting the extraction of material and that substitution times should be kept as brief as possible. Panagrolaimus davidi was not successfully preserved using pure methanol, but preservation was improved by using fixatives in the substitution medium, the best results being obtained with 1% OsO4/3% glutaraldehyde in methanol. A substitution temperature of 193 K did not give any improvement in preservation. The differences in the quality of preservation between the three species may be due to the relative ability of the cuticle to withstand collapse during critical point drying. Chemical fixation using cold fixative resulted in the retention of a natural posture but poor preservation, whereas hot fixatives resulted in good preservation but the loss of a natural posture. Freeze substitution in methanol may prove useful in the preparation of specimens possessing cuticles or cell walls which have sufficient strength to withstand the drying process (e.g. arthropods, plants, fungi, nematodes). More delicate specimens may require the incorporation of fixatives into the substitution medium or conventional fixation.