The cognitive implications of asymmetric color generalization in honeybees.

Generalization occurs when a conditioned response formed to one stimulus is also elicited by other stimuli which have not been used in the course of conditioning. Here, we studied color generalization in honeybees Apis mellifera trained to two rewarded colors, S1+ and S2+. After training, bees were tested with non-rewarded novel stimuli, which lay between the trained stimuli in a honeybee color space (Int) or outside the range defined by the trained stimuli (E1 and E2). We analyzed whether bees interpolated their choice to Int and/or extrapolated it to E1 and E2. We compared the performances of the group trained with S1+ and S2+ to those of control groups trained only with S1+ or S2+. Bees trained with S1+ and S2+ responded similarly and highly to all test stimuli. These results do not allow discerning between generalization models based on the presence of interpolation and/or extrapolation. Nevertheless, bee's performance was consistent with a linear summation of the two generalization gradients generated by S1+ and S2+, respectively. These gradients were asymmetric because control bees responded to the test stimuli as if these belonged to different similarity classes in spite of the fact that they had similar perceptual distances separating them. Stimuli treated as similar were located in the same half of the color spaces, whereas stimuli treated as different were located in opposite halves. Our results suggest that color categories could exist in honeybees and may underlie the performance of the control groups. Under this assumption, color categories would be also present in simpler nervous systems, and would not require factors such as language to be expressed.