Kidd Parris M
University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):207-27.
The omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are orthomolecular, conditionally essential nutrients that enhance quality of life and lower the risk of premature death. They function exclusively via cell membranes, in which they are anchored by phospholipid molecules. DHA is proven essential to pre- and postnatal brain development, whereas EPA seems more influential on behavior and mood. Both DHA and EPA generate neuroprotective metabolites. In double-blind, randomized, controlled trials, DHA and EPA combinations have been shown to benefit attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), autism, dyspraxia, dyslexia, and aggression. For the affective disorders, meta-analyses confirm benefits in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, with promising results in schizophrenia and initial benefit for borderline personality disorder. Accelerated cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) correlate with lowered tissue levels of DHA/EPA, and supplementation has improved cognitive function. Huntington disease has responded to EPA. Omega-3 phospholipid supplements that combine DHA/EPA and phospholipids into the same molecule have shown marked promise in early clinical trials. Phosphatidylserine with DHA/EPA attached (Omega-3 PS) has been shown to alleviate AD/HD symptoms. Krill omega-3 phospholipids, containing mostly phosphatidylcholine (PC) with DHA/EPA attached, markedly outperformed conventional fish oil DHA/EPA triglycerides in double-blind trials for premenstrual syndrome/dysmenorrhea and for normalizing blood lipid profiles. Krill omega-3 phospholipids demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, lowering C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a double-blind trial. Utilizing DHA and EPA together with phospholipids and membrane antioxidants to achieve a triple cell membrane synergy may further diversify their currently wide range of clinical applications.
ω-3脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和二十碳五烯酸（EPA）是正分子、条件必需营养素，可提高生活质量并降低过早死亡风险。它们仅通过细胞膜发挥作用，在细胞膜中它们由磷脂分子锚定。DHA已被证明对产前和产后大脑发育至关重要，而EPA似乎对行为和情绪更有影响。DHA和EPA都会产生神经保护代谢物。在双盲、随机、对照试验中，DHA和EPA组合已被证明对注意力缺陷多动障碍（AD/HD）、自闭症、发育性运动障碍、诵读困难和攻击行为有益。对于情感障碍，荟萃分析证实对重度抑郁症（MDD）和双相情感障碍有益，对精神分裂症有 promising 结果，对边缘型人格障碍有初步益处。认知能力加速下降和轻度认知障碍（MCI）与组织中DHA/EPA水平降低相关，补充后改善了认知功能。亨廷顿病对EPA有反应。将DHA/EPA和磷脂结合到同一分子中的ω-3磷脂补充剂在早期临床试验中显示出显著前景。附着有DHA/EPA的磷脂酰丝氨酸（ω-3 PS）已被证明可减轻AD/HD症状。磷虾ω-3磷脂，主要含有附着有DHA/EPA的磷脂酰胆碱（PC），在经前综合征/痛经和血脂谱正常化的双盲试验中明显优于传统鱼油DHA/EPA甘油三酯。磷虾ω-3磷脂在双盲试验中表现出抗炎活性，降低了C反应蛋白（CRP）水平。将DHA和EPA与磷脂和膜抗氧化剂一起使用以实现三重细胞膜协同作用可能会进一步扩大它们目前广泛的临床应用范围。
